Theories of Management in Small Businesses

Theories of Management in Small Businesses A Stationery Business Small businesses nowadays find it very hard to survive. Everyone is forced to embrace new changes in the environment he lives in due to global economy. Individuals in the work place are the basis of the performance of an organization, especially with the knowledge they bring along. In todays society, organizations are expected to provide the best quality available. This is where management takes place. Managers ensure the workers are using their energy to the maximum by supporting them, and also monitoring the environment to make sure the organization is maximizing its performance (Porter 1998). Management is made up of four parts which are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers in the modern world must gain human and technical skills to succeed in the business world, as they must take risky decisions at some point. This essay talks about the four topics of management: workplace, management history, organization environment, and international organization. The essay also talks about a business idea to be formed at the UWA business school where it will use the different points. To take advantage of the workers, employers should help them by providing a relaxing work environment which respects work-life balance and which offers rewards. Nowadays, work requirements changed. They require employees have a set of skills in order to gain value in an organization( Evans 2015) . In addition, individuals in an organization must learn new technology skills, because nowadays, the internet is modifying the structure of organizations. For an organization to survive in the competitive world, it must offer quality services to the society which would lead to satisfied customers. This is how the performance of an organization is determined. The manager reviews the performance of an organization and makes decisions and certain changes so that the organization functions as planned and to reach the desired vision. To achieve that, the management process must be applied. It is made up of 4 steps (Cheng 2010). The first step is planning, where the manager states the goals that n eed to be reached. The second step is controlling which is done by monitoring the performance of the organization and comparing it to the results. The third step is organizing by allocating resources and giving roles to employees and groups. The last step is leading. Managers encourage the workers to do their best so that goals can be reached. Despite the fact that businesses are obliged to adapt to the new changing environments, managements history must not be ignored. Management can be approached in many ways that have evolved over time (Kilmann 1986).   Classical approach notes that universal work ethics are used in various states of management. The behavioural approach concludes that the worker is an important asset of the organization and plays a vital role in its performance, that is why, workers are given rewards and easy work schedules. The third approach is quantitative and it relies on math and complex calculations such as mathematical forecasting to take final decisions. The modern approach is the latest one and it states that organizations must adapt to the constant change of the environment and peoples needs. In the modern worlds, organizations need to be ahead of the game, monitoring any changes in the environment and to act immediately (Spicer 2011). That is why organizations must have a clear vision of its goals in order to succeed in a competitive world. Organizations have internal and external environments. Internal environments form the culture inside the organization which shapes its personality and how the people inside interact with each other. The external environment focuses on the external variables that directly affect the organization, such as the customers, or economy or laws governing the country (Borrello 2015). Organizations who embrace a robust culture inside   perform much better than others because its workers respect each other and the business ensures everyone is equal. Everyone is paid the same and treated the same regardless of their race and cultural differences. International management was found when organizations were created in different countries around the world (Ohmae 1996). The global manager is aware of every organization and its environment. However, the international business is affected by the global economy since countries and economies have become interdependent. Organizations who are willing to become international, must acquire skills related to export and import, in addition to sourcing (Kramar 2001). I have decided to open a stationery in the UWA Business school. The reason for this is because students do not have enough time to go outside the campus and purchase their stationery needs. In addition, students will always need to buy books, copybooks and other study material. This will save time and will provide low prices to students with a Student ID. The stationery will provide new technologies such as wireless printing and digital printing cards so that students can print before even coming to the store, thus, saving more time. Employees will be university students who are passionate about helping other students with their research or materials of study. That is why the workers at my business will be given routine trainings to ensure they gain new skills. They will be given rewards for helping more students, and a flexible work schedule to study at the university and work at the same time. The performance of the business will be monitored and changes will be done based on the o utcome. Changes can be introducing new services such as graphic design services and even coupons which offer cheaper prices. In conclusion, the performance of an organization is determined by different managerial processes. Customers expect businesses to always provide perfect quality of product or service. However, this can be fulfilled only if the organization takes care of its people and supports their talents. Managers must ensure that employees are learning new skills especially in the technology field since the internet has changed the equations and everything has become connected together. Managers role is to set a clear vision for the organization and to monitor the results of a certain plan, then compare the results with the performance in order to perform the necessary changes within an organization. References Michael E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations: With a New Introduction (New York: Free Press, 1998). Simon Evans, Blackmores to Give Six Weeks Bonus Pay for 900 Staff After Pro t Surge, The Sydney Morning Herald à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨(26 August 2015), www.smh.com.au. V. Cheng, J. Rhodes and P. Lok, A Framework for Strategic Decision Making and Performance Among Chinese Managers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 21, no. 9 (2010), pp. 1373-95. Ralph H. Kilmann, Mary J. Saxton and Roy Serpa, Issues in Understanding and Changing Corporate Culture, California à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Management Review, vol. 28 (1986), pp. 87-94 David P. Spicer, Changing culture: A Case Study of a Merger Using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Cognitive Mapping, Journal of Change Management, vol. 11, no. 2 (2011), pp. 245-64. Eliza Borrello, China FTA: Labor Agrees to Support Free Trade Deal; Says New Agreement Secures Protections for Workers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ABC News (21 October 2015), www.abc.net.au/news. Kenichi Ohmaes books include The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper, 1989); The End of the Nation State (New York: Free Press, 1996) Robin Kramar, Managing Diversity: Challenges and Future Directions, in Retha Wiesner and Bruce Millett (eds), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Management and Organisational Behaviour: Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions (Brisbane: John Wiley à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Sons, 2001).

Islam :: essays research papers

--The Prophet Muhammad (p) was asked by his contemporaries about Allah. The answer came directly from God Himself in the form of a short chapter of the Qur’an that is considered the essence of the Unity of God or the motto of monotheism. â€Å"Say: He is Allah, the One; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten, and there is none like unto Him.† [Al-Qur’an 112:1-4] --Having achieved this knowledge of the One True God, man should constantly have faith in Him, and should allow nothing to induce him to deny the truth. When true faith enters a person’s heart, it impacts the person’s outlook and behavior. The Prophet said, â€Å"Faith is that which resides firmly in the heart and which is proved by deeds†. One of the striking results of faith is the feeling of gratitude towards God, which could be said to be the essence of Ibada (worship). The feeling of gratitude is so important that anyone denying the Truth is called kafir, ‘one who is ungrateful.’ A believer loves, and is grateful to God for the bounties He bestowed upon him. He is aware of the fact that his good deeds are far from being commensurate with Divine favors, and therefore he is always anxious to please God. He remembers God often. The Qur’an promotes this feeling of gratitude by repeating the attributes of God very frequently. â€Å"Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god; Who knows (all things) both secret and open; He, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Allah is He, than Whom there is no other god; the Sovereign, the Holy One, the Source of Peace (and Perfection), the Guardian of Faith, the Preserver of Safety, the Exalted in Might, the Irresistible, the Supreme: Glory to Allah! (High is He) above the partners they attribute to Him. He is Allah, the Creator, the Evolver, the Bestower of Forms (or Colors). To Him belong the Most Beautiful Names: whatever is in the heavens and on earth, doth declare His Praises and Glory: and He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise.† [Al-Qur’an 59:22-24] â€Å"Allah! There is no god but He, the Living, the Self-subsisting, Eternal. No slumber can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permitteth? He knoweth what (appeareth to His creatures as) before or after or behind them.

Indians and Europeans shape the different colonies

It has been more than five centuries since Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. We know a great deal about Columbus, of course, and about the Europeans and Africans who crossed the Atlantic after him. We know much less about the â€Å"Indians. † as Columbus mistakenly called them?the people already living in America. But we are learning more all the time, so I want to talk about early contacts between Native Americans and newcomers.We now estimate that as many as seven million people were living in North America 500 years ago, and that their ancestors had been on this continent for at least thirteen thousand years. For all this time?hundreds of generations?they had remained isolated from Asia and Africa and Europe, building their own separate world. Over many centuries, these first North Americans developed diverse cultures that were as varied as the landscapes they lived in. And they developed hundreds of different languages.Looking back, what can we say about early enc ounters between these diverse Native Americans and the strange newcomers who arrived from across the ocean? Let me give you a few things to think about. Remember, first of all, that these Minimal contacts stretched over the entire continent and occurred over several centuries. The encounters were nearly as varied as the people involved. But key issues such as language, belief, technology, and disease arose regularly in different times and places. We may never know exactly about the first contacts from overseas.Long before Columbus, occasional boats may have arrived across the North Pacific from Asia, or across the Atlantic from Africa or Europe. They may have sailed intentionally or drifted by mistake. But such encounters were brief. So was the encounter with Norse Vikings. They visited Newfoundland in Canada about 1,000 years ago?nearly 500 years before Columbus. Their little colony of 160 people was short-lived. We know from sagas (family stories passed down orally across generati ons) that local Inhabitants attacked the Norse settlers, forcing them to retreat to Greenland after several years.In contrast, the newcomers who followed Columbus after 1492 proved far more numerous and more willing to stay. Though few In numbers at first, these European strangers brought supplies and then enforcements from across the sea. Now, imagine that you are one of those newcomers, approaching my small portion of North America for the first time. As Native American, I have diverse friends and enemies living all around me, and because I engage in trade I am used to encounters with strangers who do not speak my language.But you are different in various ways, and I have probably already heard rumors about you?some true and some false? from neighbors who have seen your ships. And believe me, your ships are a big surprise. My people live near the ocean, and we understand boats. But when we addle out to observe you, we are Impressed by the size of your ship, with Its tall masts. On the East Coast, I greet you from a birch-bark canoe or a dugout canoe. Indians are small. If you enter Upset Sound, the cypress canoes of the Northwest Coast Indians are much larger.Maybe you are Russian fur-hunters reaching Alaska. If so, you are amazed at my light, quick kayak. If you are the English explorer James Cook approaching Hawaii for the first time, you are struck to see our outrigger canoes and surf boards. One way or another, we can push off from the beach or the river mouth and visit your ocean-going vessel. But it is strange for us; you needed iron tools to create this ship, huge sheets of cloth to make it sail, and navigational charts to find your way. We have none of these.On the other hand, you are totally ignorant of our home waters. It is no secret that along Florist's coast and North Carolina's Outer Banks, Native Americans often found European shipwrecks. We Indians know ?and we may be willing to tell you?which anchoring spots give protection from storms. We k now the local streams and which house sites might flood in springtime. We know where there is fresh water?which you probably need after weeks at sea? ND we know sources of food for every time of year.The Indians in New England, watching the Pilgrims starve at Plymouth, showed them how to locate clams in the mudflats at low tide, how to trap fish, how to plant corn, and how to hunt strange, tasty birds called turkeys. But not all first encounters occurred near the coast. Before the middle of the sixteenth century, Spanish explorers were marching inland so far and so fast that rumors of their arrival scarcely had time to precede them. In the 1 sass, Native peoples living in the Carolinas, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas ere surprised by the fierce invasion of Despot and his army.At the same time, Indians further west on the Great Plains experienced the sudden arrival of Coronal's force, traveling from New Mexico on horseback in search of sudden wealth. In these two instances, and in many later confrontations, Europeans reacted at first with disappointment, frustration, and violence. The new environment seemed strange and dangerous; local people did not fit European hopes and expectations. For Native Americans, the most serious outcome of initial encounters, whether near he ocean or far inland, was the arrival of contagious diseases?unfamiliar sicknesses that they had never experienced.Again and again, foreign newcomers brought deadly illnesses with them. Three hundred years would elapse between the early Spanish explorations and the forced removal of Native Americans from much of the expanding United States in the asses. That is a huge stretch of time, and the encounters between Indians and non-landing varied widely across those three centuries. Gradually, especially in the East, Non-landing gained the upper hand in terms of sheer numbers. Some general estimates regarding the southeast, from Virginia to East Texas, illustrate this point.In 1700, four out of fi ve persons in the entire region were Indians. But by 1800, Indian numbers had declined and the European and African population had risen so fast that scarcely one person in thirty was a Native American. If sickness and death moved unevenly in one direction, from non-landing to Indian, Christianity moved in the same direction. Many of the earliest encounters involved missionaries, both Catholic and Protestant, who worked energetically to convert Native Americans to their Christian faith.In New England, the Reverend John Eliot spent years translating the Bible into the Massachusetts language, and in 1663 he printed 1000 copies to be used by converts known as efforts often met with fierce resistance. In the Southwest, Catholic priests and missionaries accompanied the earliest Spanish settlers in New Mexico, and efforts began around 1600 to suppress the Pueblo religion with harsh punishments. But Pueblo leaders fought back. In the successful â€Å"Pueblo Revolt† of 1680, Indian r ebels expelled the Spanish colonizers.The Pueblos attacked missionaries, burned churches, and punished Christian converts. While the Christian religion and the strange new diseases moved in one direction, education and trade moved in two directions. Let's take education first. Europeans were a literate society; many could write letters and read books. In America they began to share this powerful tool through schools. In the seventeenth century, Harvard build a separate Indian college on its campus. In the eighteenth century, Dartmouth College in New Hampshire emphasized Native American education, at least for a few.But at the same time, Indians who understood the American land and the natural world offered education to the newcomers. They were constantly explaining matters of geography, climate, and food. They knew when to plant and harvest crops, when fish were plentiful in certain streams, when the abundant oak trees dropped their acorns. Then knew which plants were edible, and ho w to track game. Gradually they shared their knowledge with newcomers. In Louisiana, white settlers often sent a young son to live among the local Indians to learn their language and pave the way for future trade.Trading, like education, was a two-way street. From the start, Europeans were scouring the land for items they could ship home and sell at a profit. Precious metals or spices would be best, but they saw few signs of these items. What they found instead was fur. In the Southeast, the soft hides of whitetail deer could be scraped and packed and shipped to Europe to make aprons and gloves. In New England and Canada, the pelts of beaver could be sent across the Atlantic to hat makers for the creation of fashionable beaver hats.Along the Northwest Coast, Russian traders obtained the valuable pelts of sea otters, which they could trade to the Chinese for spices and tea. More often than not, it was the Native Americans who hunted the animals and processed the pelts for shipment ab road. But if people in Europe and Asia were eager for North American furs of all sorts, Native Americans were equally eager for unfamiliar trade items from Europe. Indians exchanged hides and pelts for woolen blankets and coats, yards of cloth and ribbons, supplies of buttons, beads, and thread.Metal items of all kinds represented new and dramatic improvements in a world where utensils were shaped slowly from wood and rocks and clay. Metal knives and needles had obvious appeal. Metal pots, though heavy, were more durable and more versatile than clay pots. Besides, if they were poorly made and sprung leaks, they could be broken into pieces to be shaped into sharp arrowheads. When Dutch traders moved up the Hudson River to barter with the Indians for furs, the Mohawk called them â€Å"Kristin,† meaning â€Å"metal makers. Iron axes and hatchets were especially desirable. Native Americans knew how to kill trees by peeling off layers of bark. They could fell them by slowly burni ng away the base. But a durable metal axe made it possible to shape wood rapidly, whether building a house, carving a totem pole, or hollowing a dugout canoe. Various kinds of rum and spirits also figured early and often in the trade. Hard liquor gave European traders an person consuming alcohol also became less alert?more subject to an unfair trade or a robbery.Two other unfamiliar items?the gun and the horse?swept across North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth century as a result of trade between Indians and non-landing. Laws passed in Spain prohibited Spanish colonists in the Southwest from trading guns to Indians. So guns moved steadily westward instead, purchased from the French and Dutch and English in the East. Once a tribe acquired guns through the fur trade, neighboring tribes worked desperately to acquire similar weapons, or else they risked being defeated in war or outdone as hunters and fur traders.The horse, reintroduced into North America by the Spanish in the Southwest, moved in the opposite direction, After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, horses spread north and east across the Great Plains?traded from one nation to another, or stolen in order to gain new mobility and power. A map shows clearly how the horse frontier and the gun frontier pushed in opposite directions. During the 18th century, tribes such as the Sioux on the Northern Plains and the Comanche on the Southern Plains gained access to both guns and horses, giving their cultures great power.For a long time, these complex exchanges proved mutually beneficial. Both Indians and non- Indians felt they were gaining valuable benefits from trade. But eventually, major changes undercut and ended this beneficial and agreeable trade. For one thing, the non-landing population continued to grow, while the Indian numbers declined sharply as a result of warfare and disease. But even more importantly, European newcomers sired Indian land even more than they wanted peaceful trade.Soon, land it self became an item of trade, and land that could not be bought was taken by force. Gradually, we are learning more about early contacts between Indians and non- Indians, and the way these relationships changed over time. The contacts were numerous and varied. They took a different shape in every part of the continent, depending upon which Indian cultures lived there and which foreigners first invaded their land. At first, these contacts were often mutually beneficial, as strangers learned from, and traded with, one another.But later, sickness, warfare, and crushing demands for land changed these connections. Contacts became more lopsided and destructive, through long chapters of our history. So, from now on, I hope that any time you see a horse or a rifle or a metal pot or a colorful ribbon you will think about these early contacts between Native Americans who had lived here for untold generations and newcomers who have been here scarcely five centuries. After all, these varied con nections are a rich and forgotten part of our shared heritage here in North America. Thanks for Joining me.

Idenity Affected by Racism Essay - 1202 Words

In society there is a lot of misconception of the term racism. According to the merriam-webster dictionary members of one race are intrinsically superior to members of others race which many people would agree with. What is racism? The normal person if asked will simply reply, not liking someone for their color of their skin. Racism from my attitude which is substantiated by historically events is a system of power .Thus is a system of power i.e. to control the world and its people. Employed by Europeans to subjugate and discriminate against other groups, in particular Africans/black people. Racism is a power which ran thru a systemic way to hinder and sabotage other groups. The system is so elaborate that it almost seems nonexistence†¦show more content†¦News media and Hollywood are the main two vehicles of identity theft among African people. In Hollywood, blacks are always shown in a position of reluctant assistance or sub servant i.e. Butler, Helper and or slave. Equal ly, News Media almost always show us as animals and criminals of the lowest morals. Consequently, through the system of programming, constant repetitions of demoralizing images are perpetuated, and with no other source of reference to rely upon blacks often consciously and subconsciously accept those images. Moreover some people, rather most become not only to accept those images, a lot of Black disassociate themselves with their race, because who wants to be from a race of †nobodies† and by default has to capture the identity of the European race. One must keep in mind that racism is a system of power that is employed by White people, thus one must ponder, who owns and operates Hollywood and new media.† I agree with Trevor Musa black often see them self as invisible because of media which is a cause racial prejudice. Ralph Ellison, The Invisible Man displays Racism and how ones identity( black identity ) is affected by it. Ellison wrote his novel from the perspec tive of a black man living through the civil rights movement. Ralph Ellison shows through the narrator, the obstacles of a young black man living under the system of Western society and how race was reinforced in America in the 1950s. Ellison is cogent in